http://www.industchem.com The latest research articles published by International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013-05-17T00:00:00Z Background: A simple and rapid stability-indicating, reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of lafutidine and its four potential impurities. Results: Separation was achieved on Acquity BEH-shield RP18 UPLC column (3.0 mm x 100 mm, 1.7 mum) under the gradient mode of elution by using mobile phase A (0.02M diammonium hydrogen phosphate/acetonitrile, 80:20 v/v) and mobile phase B (0.02M diammonium hydrogen phosphate/acetonitrile, 30:70 v/v). The flow rate was maintained at 0.5 mL min-1. UV detection was carried out at 276 nm. Conclusions: Stability-indicating capability of the developed method is established by analyzing forced degradation samples in which the spectral purity of lafutidine is ascertained along with the separation of degradation products from analyte peak. The developed UPLC method is validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, sensitivity, accuracy, linearity, and robustness. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/32 Aniket Joshi Nilesh Warghude Sanjay Deshmukh Sanjay Jadhav Saroj Bembalkar International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:32 2013-05-17T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-32 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-32-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 32 2013-05-17T00:00:00Z PDF Background: This paper describes the microencapsulation of linseed oil along with drier and corrosion inhibitor in polyurethane coating. Results: Linseed oil along with drier and corrosion inhibitor was encapsulated in phenol formaldehyde microcapsules successfully by in situ polymerization process. These microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and their surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The particle size of the prepared microcapsules was estimated by optical microscopy and confirmed using a particle size analyzer. The self-healing properties as well as anticorrosive performance of encapsulated microcapsules were studied in polyurethane coating. Corrosion protection of coatings with microcapsules containing linseed oil, corrosion inhibitor, and drier was compared with pristine coating free from microcapsules. Conclusions: The cracks in the paint film could be successfully repaired by the release of linseed oil from microcapsules ruptured under stimulated mechanical action, while corrosion inhibitor plays an important role to prevent the corrosion in a scribed line region. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/31 Rajendra Jadhav Vishal Mane Avinash Bagle Dilip Hundiwale Pramod Mahulikar Gulzar Waghoo International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:31 2013-05-11T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-31 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-31-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 31 2013-05-11T00:00:00Z PDF Background: An efficient methodology for the synthesis of tetrahydropyran derivatives has been developed under mild reaction conditions. The reactions were carried out using epoxides and homoallylic alcohols as reactants and ferric chloride as catalyst. All the reactions were done at room temperature in methylene dichloride. Results: In all cases, the reactions proceeded efficiently at ambient temperature under mild conditions showing the generality of the reaction. The reaction also proceeded well with the cyclic epoxide 1,2-dihydronaphthalene oxide to give the corresponding spirotetrahydropyrans in good yield. The proton on the carbon bearing the halide group (4-H) (delta 3.80, J = 4.46 and 11.80 Hz) shows NOE with the proton on the carbons bearing the benzyl group (2-H) (delta 3.46, J = 11.80 Hz) and the proton on the carbon bearing the methyl group (6-H) (delta 3.40, J = 11.80 Hz). This confirms that the protons 2-H, 4-H, and 6-H are on the same side and occupy the axial position of a chair conformation. Conclusion: The attractive features of this process are mild reaction conditions, which are environmentally friendly, inexpensive reagents, with short reaction times, and cleaner reactions with improved yields, which make it a useful process for the synthesis of tetrahydropyran derivatives. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/30 Nagavani Sunkaraneni Chandra Jillepalli Madhukar Jeripothula International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:30 2013-05-08T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-30 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-30-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 30 2013-05-08T00:00:00Z PDF Background: This paper describes a rapid and eco-friendly method for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous solution of silver nitrate using carob leaf extract (Ceratonia siliqua) in a single-pot process. Results: Formation of stable silver nanoparticles at different concentrations of AgNO3 gave mostly spherical particles with a diameter ranging from 5 to 40 nm. It was observed that the use of carob leaf extract makes a fast and convenient method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and can reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles within 2 min of reaction time without using any severe conditions. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was characterized by UV-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV–vis spectra gave surface plasmon resonance for synthesized silver nanoparticles at 420 nm. The XRD analysis showed that the AgNPs are crystalline in nature and have face-centered cubic geometry. Conclusion: Further, the AgNPs showed an effective antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli pathogen. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/29 Akl Awwad Nidá Salem Amany Abdeen International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:29 2013-04-08T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-29 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-29-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 29 2013-04-08T00:00:00Z XML Background: The properties of lubricants are mainly the result of adding a material for improving or producing the required properties. Today, different materials with various nanostructures are used as new additives which, because of their unique properties, are used for improving the lubricant's properties. The purpose of the present research is to add copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles to engine oil and evaluate the produced changes in some of its properties. Also, viscosity, pour point, and flash point of nanolubricants, which are made at different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 wt.%), and also their thermal conductivity coefficient as four quality parameters which are effective in the functionality of engine oil are evaluated. Results: Upon the obtained results, thermal conductivity coefficient and flash point of nanolubricants with 0.1 wt.% concentration, respectively, had 3% and 7.9% improvement with respect to the base oil. Also, the oil's viscosity, as a very important factor in lubricating issue, at a lower concentration with respect to the engine oil without CuO had no appreciable change. Conclusion: Among the different methods which have been used for dispersing nanoparticles inside the base oil, using planetary ball mill was determined as the most important method for stabilization of nanoparticles inside SAE 20W50 engine oil. Also, the physical properties of nanolubricants were measured based on the American Society for Testing and Materials standard methods. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/28 Ehsan-o-llah Ettefaghi Hojjat Ahmadi Alimorad Rashidi Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi Mahshad Alaei International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:28 2013-03-21T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-28 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-28-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 28 2013-03-21T00:00:00Z XML Background: Electrospinning is a process of electrostatic fiber formation using electrical forces to produce polymer fibers from polymer solution in nano/micrometer scale diameters. Various polymers have been successfully electrospun into ultrafine particles and fibers in recent years, mostly in solvent solution and some in melt form. In this work, electrospinning was conducted under high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) to reduce the viscosity of polymer solution. The experiments were conducted at 313 K and approximately 8.0 MPa. Polyvinylpyrrolidone in dichloromethane was used as a polymer solution with 4 wt.% of concentration. The applied voltage was 17 kV, and the distance of nozzle and collector was 8 cm. The morphology and structure of the fibers produced were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: When the CO2 pressure was 5 MPa, the resultant fibers had an average diameter of 2.28 ± 0.38 to 4.93 ± 1.02 μm. The ribbon-like morphology was formed with increasing pressure of CO2 at 8 MPa with a tip 0.75-mm inside diameter. Conclusions: The results show that the depressurization of CO2 at the end of experiment assists the removal process of the polymer solvent and produces the porous nature of fibers without collapsing or foaming. These behaviors hold the potential to considerably improve devolatilization electrospinning processes. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/27 ¿ Wahyudiono Siti Machmudah Kanako Murakami Satoko Okubayashi Motonobu Goto International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:27 2013-03-19T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-27 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-27-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 27 2013-03-19T00:00:00Z XML Background: Feldspar and kaolin was ball milled at 320 rpm for hours with the aid of a dry grinding agent. Both minerals were combined with inorganic salt namely sodium chloride as a grinding agent. The grinding agent and mineral were mixed at the ratio of 1:1. Results: The application of such grinding agent led to effectively reduce the particle size in a short time. The mineral materials were viewed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after grinding. SEM graphs revealed that a significant reduction in average particle size was recorded for both minerals. The reduction percentage for kaolin was about 82%, and in the case of feldspar, it was about 93%. The BET surface area of both minerals increased after milling. The potential of the ground filler on the tensile properties of low-density polyethylene/styrene butadiene rubber (LDPE/SBR) composites has been reported. Conclusions: The ball milling of the raw fillers in the presence of inorganic salt was found to be able to reduce the particle size of the fillers significantly in a short time. The application of dry grinding agent did not display any agglomeration or cold welding between the mineral particles as evidenced by the SEM images. The incorporation of the ground filler into LDPE/SBR composites showed a positive impact on the tensile strength at the cost of elongation at break except for the feldspar. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/26 Ahmad Mousa International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:26 2013-03-18T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-26 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-26-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 26 2013-03-18T00:00:00Z XML Background: Pod of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) was used as a novel eco-friendly material to investigate its nickel binding efficiency. The influence of key physicochemical parameters such as contact time, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH on Ni(II) removal was studied. Optimum Ni(II) removal was obtained with a contact time of 45 min, pH of 8.0, and an adsorbent dose of 4 g L-1. Results: The removal of Ni(II) decreased from 95% to 85% as the initial metal concentration increased from 20 to 100 mg L-1. Under the optimal conditions selected, metal ion adsorption equilibrium was very well represented by the Freundlich isotherm model followed by the Langmuir isotherm and Temkin isotherm models. The adsorption process followed second-order kinetics, and the corresponding rate constants for initial Ni(II) concentration ranging from 20 to 100 mg L-1 were found to be 0.179 to 0.0035 g mg-1 min-1. Various thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (DeltaH[degree sign]), standard entropy (DeltaS[degree sign]), and standard free energy (DeltaG[degree sign]) were evaluated to predict the nature of adsorption. Conclusions: The adsorbent prepared from the pod of pigeon pea appears to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution. The study indicated that the pretreated adsorbent produced through chemical activation using NaOH is an effective material for the removal of Ni(II). Hence, the adsorbent prepared from the pigeon pea pod would be an economically useful tool and alternative to the commercially available activated carbon in the treatment of effluent containing Ni(II) ions. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/25 Aravind Jeyaseelan Shanmugaprakash Muthusamy Sangeetha Sunderraj Lenin Chandran Kanmani Palanisamy International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:25 2013-03-13T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-25 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-25-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 25 2013-03-13T00:00:00Z PDF Background: Ficus carcia leaves (fig leaves) for the removal of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions have been investigated. Results: The biosorption of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions was found to be dependent on the solution pH, initial metal ion concentrations, biosorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. The experimental equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by two widely used two parameters, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Conclusions: Langmuir isotherm model provided a better fit with the experimental data than Freundlich model by high correlation coefficients R 2. Kinetic studies showed that pseudo-second-order described the biosorption experimental data better than the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/24 Ahlam Farhan Ammar Al-Dujaili Akl Awwad International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:24 2013-03-08T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-24 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-24-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 24 2013-03-08T00:00:00Z XML Background: The effect of the ratio of catalyst to carbon source on the growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) has been studied. Results: Dense VACNTs were successfully synthesised on optimised nanostructured porous silicon templates using modified floated carbon source-catalyst in a two-stage hot filament thermal chemical vapour deposition system with different amounts of ferrocene as the catalyst at 800[degree sign]C. The surface morphologies of the VACNTs were analysed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, and the crystallinity of the nanotubes was observed using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Conclusions: These data revealed that the amount of catalyst used significantly affected the diameter, crystallinity and growth rate of the synthesised nanotubes. The average diameter of the nanotubes ranged from [almost equal to] 9 to 30 nm with lengths of [almost equal to] 110 mum when 0.5 g ferrocene was used. http://www.industchem.com/content/4/1/23 Noor Asli Muhammad Shamsudin Suriani Bakar Mohamad Mahmood Saifollah Abdullah International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2013, null:23 2013-03-07T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-23 /content/figures/2228-5547-4-23-toc.gif International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2228-5547 ${item.volume} 23 2013-03-07T00:00:00Z PDF